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The Siege of Baghdad, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258, entailed the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops. The Mongols were under the command of Hulagu Khan, brother of the khagan Möngke Khan, who had intended to further extend his rule into Mesopotamia but not to directly overthrow the Caliphate. Möngke, however, had instructed Hulagu to attack Baghdad if the Caliph Al-Musta'sim refused Mongol demands for his continued submission to the khagan and the payment of tribute in the form of military support for Mongol forces in Iran. Hulagu began his campaign in Iran with several offensives against Nizari groups, including the Assassins, who lost their stronghold of Alamut. He then marched on Baghdad, demanding that Al-Musta'sim accede to the terms imposed by Möngke on the Abbasids. Although the Abbasids had failed to prepare for the invasion, the Caliph believed that Baghdad could not fall to invading forces and refused to surrender. Hulagu subsequently besieged the city, which surrendered after 12 days. During the next week, the Mongols sacked Baghdad, committing numerous atrocities and destroyed the Abbasids' vast libraries, including the House of Wisdom. The Mongols executed Al-Musta'sim and massacred many residents of the city, which was left greatly depopulated. The siege is considered to mark the end of the Islamic Golden Age, during which the caliphs had extended their rule from the Iberian Peninsula to Sindh, and which was also marked by many cultural achievements.〔Matthew E. Falagas, Effie A. Zarkadoulia, George Samonis (2006). "Arab science in the golden age (750–1258 C.E.) and today", ''The FASEB Journal'' 20, pp. 1581–1586.〕 ==Background== Baghdad had for centuries been the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third caliphate whose rulers were descendants of Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad. In 751, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads and moved the Caliph's seat from Damascus to Baghdad. At the city's peak, it was populated by approximately one million people and was defended by an army of 60,000 soldiers. By the middle of the 13th century, however, the power of the Abbasids had declined and Turkic and Mamluk warlords often held power over the Caliphs. The city still retained much symbolic significance, however, and it remained a rich and cultured city. The Caliphs of the 12th and 13th centuries had begun to ally with the expanding Mongol Empire in the east, and Caliph an-Nasir li-dini'llah, who reigned from 1180–1225, may have attempted to ally with Genghis Khan when Muhammad II of Khwarezm threatened to attack the Abbasids.〔Jack Weatherford ''Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world'', p.135〕 It has been rumored〔Jack Weatherford '' Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world'', p.136〕 that some Crusader captives were sent as tribute to the Mongol khagan. According to ''The Secret History of the Mongols'', Genghis and his successor, Ögedei Khan, ordered their general Chormaqan to attack Baghdad.〔Sh.Gaadamba ''Mongoliin nuuts tovchoo (1990)'', p.233〕 In 1236, Chormaqan led a division of the Mongol army to Irbil,〔Timothy May ''Chormaqan Noyan'', p.62〕 which remained under Abbasid rule. Further raids on Irbil and other regions of the caliphate became nearly annual occurrences.〔Al-Sa'idi,., op. cit., pp. 83, 84, from Ibn al-Fuwati〕 Some raids were alleged to have reached Baghdad itself,〔C. P. Atwood ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p.2〕 but these Mongol incursions were not always successful, with Abbasid forces defeating the invaders in 1238〔Spuler, op. cit., from Ibn al-'Athir, vol. 12, p. 272.〕 and 1245.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mongol Plans for Expansion and Sack of Baghdad )〕 Despite their successes, the Abbasids hoped to come to terms with the Mongols and by 1241 had adopted the practice of sending annual tribute to the court of the khagan.〔 Envoys from the Caliph were present at the coronation of Güyük Khan as khagan in 1246〔Giovanni, da Pian del Carpine (translated by Erik Hildinger) ''The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars (1996)'', p. 108〕 and that of Möngke Khan in 1251.〔http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/lectures/wulec3.html〕 During his brief reign, Güyük insisted that the Caliph Al-Musta'sim fully submit to Mongol rule and come personally to Karakorum. Blame for the Caliph's refusal and for other resistance offered by the Abbasids to increased attempts by the Mongols to extend their power was placed by the khagans on Chormaqan's lieutenant and successor, Baiju. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siege of Baghdad (1258)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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